| Corrugated fiberboard | Shipping cases for produce, dry goods, and packaged foods | Low to medium; varies with board grade, size, and print requirements | Lightweight, stackable, and cushioning; not a moisture barrier unless specially treated or combined with a liner | Use a suitable food-contact liner when the food touches the box or when the application requires one. Keep dry and protect from contamination during storage. | Widely recyclable when clean and dry. Grease, food residue, wax coatings, and plastic laminations can limit recycling. |
| Paperboard cartons and sleeves | Cereal, frozen-food cartons, bakery boxes, and secondary packs | Low to medium; coatings and complex printing can increase cost | Good printability and shape; provides limited protection from moisture, oxygen, and grease without a suitable barrier layer | For direct food contact, the board, inks, adhesives, and any coating must be suitable for the intended food and use conditions. | Often recyclable if uncoated or accepted by local programs. Plastic barriers and food contamination may affect recyclability. |
| Flexible plastic film and pouches | Snacks, frozen foods, dried ingredients, and shelf-stable products | Low to medium per pack at scale; structure and barrier requirements affect cost | Lightweight and space-efficient; selected films or multilayer structures can provide strong moisture, oxygen, and aroma barriers | Food-contact suitability depends on the specific material, food type, temperature, and intended contact time. Verify the supplier’s compliance documentation. | Light weight can reduce transport mass, but multilayer films are difficult to recycle in many curbside systems. Check local collection options. |
| PET containers and trays | Cold drinks, clear deli containers, produce packs, and some ready-to-eat foods | Medium; container weight and shape influence cost | Clear, light, and impact-resistant; standard PET is not a high-heat packaging choice unless specifically designed for that use | Use food-contact-grade packaging and follow its stated temperature limits. Do not assume a cold-use container is suitable for hot filling or reheating. | PET bottles and some rigid containers are recyclable where accepted and properly sorted. Dark colors, labels, and mixed materials can affect sorting and recycling. |
| HDPE containers and tubs | Dairy products, sauces, ingredients, and bulk food storage | Low to medium; container thickness and closure type affect cost | Tough and moisture-resistant; opaque grades protect light-sensitive contents better than clear packaging | Confirm food-contact suitability and the permitted filling, storage, and cleaning conditions for the specific container. | Accepted for recycling in many programs, though acceptance varies by container form and location. Reuse may be possible when designed and managed for it. |
| Polypropylene (PP) tubs and trays | Meal-prep trays, yogurt-style tubs, deli foods, and some microwaveable packs | Low to medium; heat-resistant or custom formats may cost more | Good moisture resistance; some PP formats are made for hot filling or microwave use, but suitability is product-specific | Only use for heating or hot filling when the packaging is expressly rated for that condition and used according to its instructions. | Recycling availability for PP varies by region and facility. Food residue and attached materials can affect sorting and acceptance. |
| Aluminum cans, trays, and foil | Beverages, canned foods, bakery trays, and portion packs | Medium to high; metal gauge, forming, and coatings affect cost | Excellent barrier to light, oxygen, and moisture when properly sealed; lightweight and durable, but cans and trays may need coatings for compatibility | Interior coatings must be suitable for the food and process. Follow validated filling, sealing, and thermal-processing requirements where applicable. | Aluminum is recyclable and can be recycled repeatedly when collected and processed. Recycling outcomes depend on local collection and sorting. |
| Glass jars and bottles | Sauces, beverages, preserves, and premium retail foods | High relative to lightweight formats; transport and handling add cost | Strong barrier to gases and moisture; transparent options display contents, but glass is heavy and breakable | Glass is generally chemically inert, but closures, liners, and coatings also need to suit the food and use conditions. Protect against breakage and contamination. | Reusable where a return-and-wash system exists; recyclable in many areas. Its weight can increase transport impacts compared with lighter formats. |
| Molded-fiber food containers | Egg cartons, produce trays, and some takeaway food containers | Low to medium; molded shapes, strength, and barrier treatments affect cost | Provides cushioning and shape; uncoated fiber is not a reliable grease or liquid barrier for every food or serving duration | For direct food contact, confirm the material and any coatings are suitable for the food, temperature, and contact time. | May be recyclable or compostable depending on its composition and local facilities. Plastic coatings and food contamination can change disposal options. |