| Body-in-white | Plan and integrate processes for joining stamped body panels and structural parts into a vehicle body. | Robotic welding cells, fixtures, material handling, joining equipment, and dimensional inspection systems. | Assembled body structure; checks may include weld quality, dimensions, and joining consistency. | Fixture accuracy, body geometry, safety systems, and coordination between automated cells. |
| Paint shop | Provide or integrate surface preparation, coating, curing, and material-handling processes. | Cleaning and pretreatment systems, paint booths, application equipment, ovens, and conveyor systems. | Coated body; inspections commonly address film appearance, coverage, and surface defects. | Ventilation, process conditions, environmental controls, and compatibility with the body and coating materials. |
| Battery pack assembly | Integrate operations for assembling battery modules or cells into packs, subject to the vehicle design. | Cell or module handling, fastening and joining tools, dispensing equipment, electrical test stations, and traceability systems. | Battery pack assembly; checks may include electrical connections, insulation, leak integrity where applicable, and data recording. | Cell and pack design, electrical safety, process traceability, and controlled handling of battery components. |
| E-drive assembly | Develop assembly and test processes for electric drive components such as motors, gearboxes, and drive units. | Pressing and fastening equipment, precision assembly stations, balancing equipment, and drive-unit test stands. | Assembled drive unit; tests may evaluate function, noise or vibration, and electrical or mechanical performance. | Component tolerances, cleanliness, calibration, and alignment with the vehicle’s drive-system configuration. |
| General assembly | Coordinate installation of the interior, wiring, glazing, chassis components, battery, and other vehicle systems. | Conveyors, lift assists, fastening tools, guided workstations, and production execution systems. | Completed vehicle assembly; stations record installation and fastening results where the system is configured to do so. | Workstation sequence, ergonomic access, part supply, variant management, and synchronization across line segments. |
| End-of-line testing | Integrate checks that verify vehicle functions and identify issues before release from the production process. | Diagnostic systems, electrical safety testers, wheel-alignment equipment, brake testers, and water-leak test facilities. | Recorded inspection and test results; checks depend on the vehicle design and applicable production requirements. | Test coverage, repeatable procedures, calibration, data traceability, and a defined process for handling failures. |
| Factory automation and controls | Connect equipment, line controls, production data, and material flow across manufacturing areas. | Programmable controllers, industrial networks, sensors, supervisory systems, and manufacturing execution software. | Equipment status, production records, alarms, and process data used for monitoring and troubleshooting. | Interoperability, cybersecurity, data ownership, maintenance access, and consistent interfaces between systems. |
| Engineering and commissioning | Translate production requirements into line layouts, equipment specifications, installation, testing, and start-up support. | Process planning tools, simulation, equipment documentation, commissioning plans, and operator training materials. | An installed and validated production system prepared for the agreed operating conditions and product mix. | Clear acceptance criteria, realistic ramp-up plans, worker training, and coordination with the vehicle program schedule. |