| 1 | SF₆-insulated switchgear | High-voltage and extra-high-voltage substations | SF₆ has strong dielectric and arc-quenching properties and has been widely used in GIS. Its 100-year global warming potential is 25,200 under IPCC Sixth Assessment Report values. | Provides compact insulation and interruption performance, while leakage prevention, gas handling, and emissions reduction remain important design and operational priorities. |
| 2 | SF₆-free insulation alternatives | New GIS designs and selected replacement projects | Alternatives include vacuum switching combined with clean air, as well as gas mixtures using substances such as fluoronitriles or fluoroketones. Suitability depends on voltage level, equipment design, and operating conditions. | Supports lower-GHG-impact equipment development; adoption and product availability vary by voltage class and application. |
| 3 | Vacuum interruption | Medium-voltage switchgear and selected emerging GIS designs | Vacuum interrupters extinguish arcs within sealed vacuum interrupter bottles and are widely used in medium-voltage switching equipment. | Can eliminate SF₆ from the interruption chamber; insulation outside the interrupter must still be designed for the equipment’s voltage and configuration. |
| 4 | High-voltage compact GIS design | Urban substations, industrial sites, and space-constrained locations | GIS places live parts inside grounded enclosures filled with insulating medium, generally requiring less installation space than equivalent air-insulated arrangements. | Enables substations in locations where land, weather exposure, or visual impact constrains conventional outdoor equipment. |
| 5 | Digital monitoring and condition assessment | New substations and modernization of existing assets | Digital systems can collect equipment status and condition data, including operating counts, temperature, gas density or pressure, and alarm information. | Helps operators identify abnormal conditions and plan maintenance based on asset condition rather than fixed intervals alone. |
| 6 | Partial-discharge detection | Factory testing, commissioning, and in-service diagnostics | Partial discharge can indicate localized insulation defects. GIS diagnostic methods include ultra-high-frequency (UHF) sensing and other measurement techniques. | Provides information for insulation assessment; results require appropriate interpretation and do not, by themselves, establish a complete diagnosis. |
| 7 | Modular and prefabricated substation systems | Fast-track projects, remote sites, and repeatable installations | GIS bays and auxiliary systems can be assembled or tested in factory-controlled conditions before delivery, depending on project design and transport limits. | Can reduce site assembly work and help standardize installation, testing, and project execution. |
| 8 | High-voltage insulation coordination | Transmission networks across multiple voltage classes | GIS is designed for standardized system voltages, including common classes such as 72.5, 145, 245, 420, 550, and 800 kV; available equipment ratings depend on the design and market. | Supports reliable switching and insulation performance through coordinated design of clearances, enclosures, surge protection, and system conditions. |
| 9 | Seismic and environmental qualification | Earthquake-prone regions and demanding site environments | Equipment may be designed and tested against project-specific seismic, temperature, humidity, pollution, and altitude requirements. | Improves suitability for varied installation conditions; qualification levels must be checked against the applicable project specification and standards. |
| 10 | Lifecycle gas and asset management | Installation, maintenance, refurbishment, and end-of-life handling | Good practice includes gas inventory tracking, leak detection, controlled recovery, and appropriate handling of insulating gases during service and decommissioning. | Helps reduce emissions and supports safe, traceable maintenance throughout the equipment lifecycle. |