| Diesel internal-combustion engine | Diesel fuel | Medium- to heavy-duty; frequent long-distance operation, high payloads, and sustained work | Regional and long-haul tractors, heavy vocational trucks, construction and agricultural vehicles | High torque, strong range, and a well-established refueling and service network in many regions | Fuel costs and emissions requirements matter; after-treatment systems require appropriate maintenance and operating conditions | The truck regularly travels long distances, carries heavy loads, or works where charging access is limited |
| Gasoline internal-combustion engine | Gasoline | Light- to medium-duty; intermittent or mixed local use | Pickup trucks, light-duty work trucks, and some local delivery or service vehicles | Widely available fuel; can suit lower annual mileage and lighter-duty work | Typically less suited than heavy-duty diesel powertrains to sustained high-load, long-haul operation | The truck is light-duty, locally operated, and the buyer values straightforward access to fuel and service |
| Natural-gas internal-combustion engine | Compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) | Predictable routes with planned refueling; commonly regional or return-to-base operation | Municipal fleets, refuse collection, transit-support trucks, and some regional heavy-duty fleets | Can be practical for fleets with dependable access to the required fuel and dedicated depot infrastructure | Fueling stations may be limited; onboard storage, vehicle availability, and total cost depend on the route and region | A fleet can refuel at a depot or along established routes and has assessed local fuel supply and costs |
| Battery-electric powertrain | Electricity stored in rechargeable batteries | Predictable routes, frequent stops, and return-to-depot operation; suitability depends on range, payload, and charging time | Urban delivery, refuse collection, port operations, and other local or regional fleet work | No tailpipe emissions; regenerative braking can recover energy, and electric drivetrains can reduce routine powertrain servicing | Purchase cost, usable range, charging time, grid capacity, charging access, and payload effects need route-specific assessment | Daily distance and charging windows are predictable, and suitable depot or public charging is available |
| Hydrogen fuel-cell electric powertrain | Hydrogen converted to electricity by a fuel cell, with an electric traction motor | Potentially suited to intensive use where quick refueling and longer operating hours are valuable, subject to infrastructure | Selected heavy-duty, regional, or high-utilization fleet applications where hydrogen fueling is available | Electric drive with onboard energy replenished by hydrogen; refueling can be quicker than recharging a large battery, depending on the station | Vehicle and hydrogen availability, station coverage, fuel cost, and hydrogen production pathway vary substantially by region | A route has dependable hydrogen supply and the fleet has confirmed vehicle support and operating economics |
| Hybrid electric powertrain | Liquid fuel plus an electric motor and battery; some designs can plug in | Stop-and-go or mixed duty cycles, depending on whether the system is conventional or plug-in | Urban and regional delivery, service fleets, and selected vocational applications | Can use regenerative braking and electric assistance; a plug-in design may cover some work on stored electricity | Benefits depend on route, vehicle design, battery size, and charging habits; the vehicle still uses liquid fuel | The route includes frequent braking and acceleration, or a plug-in model can be charged regularly |