| Power source | Connected to the local electricity grid. | Solar panels charge an onboard battery; the battery powers the light after dark. | Uses solar energy and battery storage, with grid power available as a backup or supplementary source. |
| Lighting technology | LED luminaires are the standard efficient option; lighting performance depends on the luminaire, optics, and design. | Usually uses an LED luminaire. Its output may be controlled to conserve stored energy. | Usually uses an LED luminaire and can draw on solar, battery, or grid power according to the system design. |
| Energy efficiency | LEDs convert electricity into light efficiently. The complete system’s energy use also depends on lighting levels, controls, and operating hours. | Solar electricity is generated on site, but panel, battery, controller, and conversion losses affect the energy available to the light. | Can reduce grid electricity use when solar generation is sufficient; actual savings depend on solar contribution and control settings. |
| Dependence on sunlight | None for normal operation, although the light depends on grid availability. | High. Available sunlight varies with location, season, weather, panel orientation, and shading. | Solar contribution varies with sunlight; grid backup can help maintain operation when solar generation is insufficient. |
| Operation during prolonged cloudy weather | Normally unaffected if the grid remains available. | Depends on battery capacity, recent charging, load, and the system’s designed autonomy. Extended low-sun periods can reduce output or operating hours. | Can switch to or supplement with grid power if the system includes properly configured grid backup. |
| Typical installation work | Requires a suitable electrical supply, underground or overhead cabling, and safe connections. | Avoids a grid connection at each pole, but requires correct panel positioning, battery installation, and a suitable foundation. | Requires solar and battery equipment as well as a grid connection and the controls needed to coordinate the power sources. |
| Maintenance considerations | Inspect luminaires, drivers, wiring, poles, and electrical protection; grid faults may require local repair. | Inspect and clean panels as needed, check batteries and connections, and verify that shading or dirt has not reduced charging. | Includes checks for the luminaire, solar panels, battery, grid connection, and power-management controls. |
| Best suited to | Urban streets and other locations with reliable grid access and predictable lighting requirements. | Locations where grid extension is difficult or costly and the site receives adequate solar exposure. | Sites that can use solar energy but also need grid backup or more consistent operation through low-sun periods. |
| Main limitation | Requires grid infrastructure and remains exposed to electricity costs and grid interruptions. | Performance depends on site-specific sunlight and correctly sized panels and batteries; storage adds replacement and maintenance needs. | More equipment and controls are involved than in a simple grid-powered or standalone system; backup performance depends on the design. |
| Key design checks for China | Confirm local supply conditions, road-lighting requirements, pole spacing, illumination levels, and electrical safety provisions. | Assess local solar resources, seasonal weather, shading, battery autonomy, panel orientation, and required nighttime lighting hours. | Assess both local solar conditions and grid availability, and define when the system should use solar, battery, or grid power. |
| Overall choice | A practical choice where grid access is reliable and consistent lighting is the priority. | A practical choice where avoiding a grid connection is valuable and the site can support the required solar and battery capacity. | A practical choice where reducing grid consumption and retaining a backup supply are both important. |